Understand, Prevent, Treat

A

Accessory Navicular Syndrome

Pain and swelling caused by an extra bone (accessory navicular) in the foot near the arch.

A group of conditions affecting the Achilles tendon, leading to pain, swelling, and stiffness.

A complete tear of the Achilles tendon, causing sudden pain and difficulty walking.

A circulatory disorder causing persistent bluish discoloration and coldness of the feet due to reduced blood flow.

Progressive flattening of the arch due to tendon dysfunction or arthritis.

A severe injury where the bones of the ankle joint are forced out of position, causing pain and instability.

A break in one or more ankle bones, ranging from minor stress fractures to severe breaks requiring surgery.

Stretching or tearing of ankle ligaments, leading to pain, swelling, and instability.

Foot pain linked to chronic inflammatory arthritis of the spine.

Complete or partial absence of the nail, congenital or due to trauma.

Inflammation and degeneration of the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Thinned-out skin ulcers resulting from poor circulation or prolonged pressure.

Bone tissue death due to poor blood supply, leading to pain and potential collapse of the affected bone.

Blue discoloration of the half-moon at the nail base, often linked to Wilson’s disease.

B

Baxter’s Nerve Entrapment

Compression of a small nerve in the heel, leading to chronic foot pain often mistaken for plantar fasciitis.

Compression of the inferior calcaneal nerve, leading to heel pain often mistaken for plantar fasciitis.

Deep horizontal ridges on the nail due to severe illness or trauma.

Brown/black streaks in the nail, sometimes indicating melanoma or drug reactions.

Deep injury to the bone without a fracture, causing pain, swelling, and tenderness.

Excess bone growth along joints, often causing pain, stiffness, and irritation.

Extremely short and broad nails, often congenital.

A condition where one of the foot’s metatarsal bones is abnormally short, leading to pain and an uneven foot structure.

Extremely rare, inherited form of weak, splitting nails.

A painful, bony bump forming at the base of the big toe due to joint misalignment.

A small bump on the outside of the foot at the base of the little toe, often caused by tight footwear.

Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs cushioning the heel, causing pain and swelling.

C

Calcaneal Apophysitis (Sever’s Disease)

Heel pain in growing children due to stress on the growth plate.

A break in the heel bone, usually due to high-impact trauma, causing severe pain and difficulty walking.

Abnormal calcium deposits in foot ligaments, leading to stiffness and discomfort.

Inflammation of the ligaments around the toe joints, causing pain and swelling.

Progressive weakening of foot bones due to nerve damage, common in diabetes, leading to deformities.

A genetic nerve disorder causing muscle weakness, foot deformities, and difficulty walking.

Painful red or purple skin lesions caused by prolonged exposure to cold and damp conditions.

Green discoloration due to Pseudomonas bacterial infection in a wet environment.

Long-term damage to the Achilles tendon due to overuse, leading to persistent pain and stiffness.

Persistent foot pain from various causes, requiring long-term management and rehabilitation.

Persistent pain due to a calcium deposit under the heel bone.

Persistent foot swelling caused by lymphatic or vascular issues.

A condition where veins in the legs fail to efficiently return blood to the heart, leading to swelling, skin changes, and ulcers.

A congenital deformity where the foot is twisted inward and downward.

Bulging, curved nails due to chronic lung, heart, or gastrointestinal diseases.

Abnormal fusion of two or more foot bones, leading to stiffness and pain.

Foot issues linked to autoimmune diseases affecting connective tissues.

A chronic pain condition affecting the foot and ankle, often triggered by nerve damage or injury.

Nail deformity affecting only index fingers at birth.

Thickened areas of skin on the toes or foot due to pressure and friction.

Severe trauma causing soft tissue and bone damage, often requiring surgical intervention.

Severe trauma to the toe causing fractures, tissue damage, and intense pain.

Misalignment or irritation of the cuboid bone, causing lateral foot pain and instability.

Fluid-filled cysts in the midfoot that may cause discomfort.

D

Darier’s Disease Nail Changes

V-shaped notches at the nail tip due to genetic skin disorder.

A serious bacterial infection deep in the foot, causing swelling, pain, and pus formation.

A blood clot in the deep veins of the leg or foot, posing a risk of pulmonary embolism if untreated.

Progressive wear and tear of foot joints, leading to pain and reduced movement.

Wear-and-tear arthritis affecting the subtalar joint, causing pain and stiffness.

Chronic tendon damage due to aging or overuse, leading to pain and loss of function.

A range of complications from diabetes, including neuropathy, ulcers, and infections.

Nerve damage due to diabetes, causing burning pain, numbness, and loss of sensation in the feet.

Damage to the nerves in the toes, leading to numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation.

Unusually long and narrow nails, sometimes linked to Marfan syndrome.

Pain in the top of the foot due to strain or inflammation.

Weakness or paralysis of the muscles that lift the foot, causing dragging while walking.

Thickening of foot fascia, causing contractures and difficulty walking.

E

Ectodermal Dysplasia-Associated Nail Dystrophy

Congenital disorder causing malformed, missing, or brittle nails.

Nail tissue grows abnormally in non-nail locations, such as the foot sole.

A chronic inflammatory skin condition leading to dryness, redness, itching, and scaling.

Skin damage and discoloration due to persistent swelling.

Compression of nerves in the foot, leading to persistent pain, tingling, and weakness.

Tightness in the Achilles tendon limiting foot flexibility.

A hypersensitivity reaction causing painful red patches or blisters on the feet.

Painful, red nodules on the skin caused by inflammation of fat cells, often linked to infections or autoimmune diseases.

Red streaks or spots in the nail, associated with trauma, infections, or inflammatory conditions.

Inflammation of the tendons on top of the foot, usually due to tight shoes or repetitive activity.

F

Fat Pad Atrophy

Loss of protective cushioning under the heel or ball of the foot, leading to pain and discomfort.

Replacement of muscle tissue with fat due to injury or disuse.

Rare, benign tumor growing under or alongside the nail.

Benign or malignant growths in the foot’s soft tissues.

A break at the base of the fifth metatarsal bone, common in sports injuries.

A structural collapse in the front of the foot due to weakened bones, ligaments, or arthritis.

A structural foot deformity where the forefoot is angled inward relative to the heel.

Death of bone tissue in the ball of the foot due to poor blood flow, causing pain and stiffness.

Tissue damage from extreme cold, leading to numbness, blisters, and necrosis.

Early-stage cold injury causing numbness and pale skin, reversible with rewarming.

Limited movement of the big toe during walking, leading to foot pain and imbalance.

Contagious infections like athlete’s foot that cause itching, peeling, and cracking of the skin.

G

Gangrene

Tissue death due to inadequate blood supply, often seen in severe diabetes or peripheral artery disease.

Benign but painful vascular tumor under the nail, causing blue discoloration.

A painful form of arthritis caused by uric acid crystal buildup in the foot joints.

Hard uric acid deposits in the toes caused by chronic gout.

H

Habit Tic Deformity

Central ridge with parallel grooves from repetitive trauma (often seen in nail biters).

Pain in the small bones beneath the big toe joint.

Stiffness and pain in the big toe joint due to arthritis or wear and tear.

Advanced arthritis in the big toe joint, leading to severe stiffness and limited motion.

Soft, easily bendable nails, often due to calcium or protein deficiency.

Small, dense areas of thickened skin, usually on weight-bearing parts of the foot.

Inflammation of the bursa at the back of the heel, causing swelling and discomfort.

Deep bruising of the heel due to impact or repetitive stress.

Thinning of the fat pad under the heel, causing deep, bruise-like pain with walking.

Overstretching of toe ligaments leading to pain and swelling.

Excessive sweating of the feet, leading to odor, infections, and discomfort.

Thickened patches of skin on the soles due to repeated friction or pressure.

I

Idiopathic Acquired Curved Nail of the Great Toe

Unknown cause, results in severe nail curvature without fungal infection.

A habit of walking on the toes without an underlying neurological cause, often seen in children.

Nail grows into the skin, leading to pain, redness, and infection.

Pain and inflammation where the Achilles tendon attaches to the heel bone.

Soft corns that develop between the toes due to moisture and friction.

Nerve thickening between the toes, leading to pain, numbness, and burning sensations.

A painful growth plate disorder in the foot, commonly affecting adolescents.

Rare congenital disorder causing thickened, ridged nails and skeletal abnormalities.

J

Joint Hypermobility Syndrome

Excessive joint flexibility leading to pain, instability, and increased injury risk.

A bunion deformity occurring in children or teenagers due to genetic and structural factors.

A condition where the arches in a child’s feet do not develop properly.

A chronic autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation and deformity in children.

K

Kick Fractures of the Foot

Fractures caused by forceful impact, often seen in martial arts and contact sports.

A rare condition in children where the navicular bone temporarily loses its blood supply, causing pain and limping.

Thin, concave, spoon-shaped nails, often due to iron deficiency anemia.

L

Lateral Column Overload Syndrome

Pain on the outer side of the foot due to excess pressure.

White spots or streaks on the nail, often due to minor injuries or deficiencies.

Thinning, ridging, and nail destruction due to autoimmune skin disease.

Half the nail is white, and the other half is reddish-brown, seen in chronic kidney disease.

Damage to the ligaments or bones in the midfoot, often mistaken for a sprain but can cause long-term instability.

Chronic pain after foot surgery due to nerve damage or improper healing.

An autoimmune condition causing joint pain, swelling, and skin rashes on the feet.

Inflammation of lymphatic vessels, usually due to a bacterial infection, causing red streaks, swelling, and pain.

M

Madura Foot

A chronic bacterial or fungal infection causing swelling, abscesses, and deformity.

The big toenail grows at an abnormal angle, leading to chronic pain.

Breaks in the bony prominences of the ankle, often resulting from twisting injuries.

Repetitive stress injuries in the metatarsal bones, common in runners and military personnel.

Central longitudinal groove or split in the nail, resembling a “fir tree.”

White bands running parallel to the nail’s edge, often due to arsenic poisoning or chemotherapy.

A rare but serious skin cancer that may appear as a dark patch or streak under the nail.

Pain and inflammation in the ball of the foot, often due to overuse or improper footwear.

Inflammation of the joints at the base of the toes, causing pain and stiffness.

Abnormally small nails, often associated with genetic disorders.

Thickening of a nerve between the toes, causing sharp pain, tingling, and burning sensations in the forefoot.

Paired white lines across the nail bed, linked to low protein levels in the blood.

N

Nail Psoriasis

Pitting, thickening, or discoloration of nails, associated with psoriasis.

Damage to the toenail due to injury, leading to bruising, lifting, or loss of the nail.

Genetic syndrome causing small, misshapen nails and missing kneecaps.

Leg and foot pain caused by nerve compression in the spine, often worsened by walking.

A painful nerve growth in the heel causing burning and tingling.

Chronic foot ulcers caused by nerve damage, common in diabetes patients.

Chronic wounds after surgery that fail to heal properly.

O

Olivier Syndrome

Extremely rare disorder with absence of nails, toe deformities, and skeletal defects.

Nail grows into the skin, causing pain and infection.

Extremely thick and curved nails, often due to neglect, trauma, or aging.

Nail separates from the nail bed, often due to trauma, psoriasis, or fungal infections.

Complete shedding of the nail from the nail bed, often after severe illness or trauma.

Fungal infection causing thick, discolored, brittle nails (yellow/white/black).

Brittle nails with vertical ridges, often linked to malnutrition or systemic disease.

Wear-and-tear arthritis causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the foot and ankle joints.

A condition where bone and cartilage in the joint loosen due to lack of blood flow, leading to pain and swelling.

Bone infection in the foot, often due to wounds or untreated ulcers.

Fragile bones due to low bone density, increasing the risk of stress fractures.

Foot pain and fractures caused by thinning bones, making them more prone to breaking.

Toes that lie on top of each other due to genetics or pressure.

P

Pachyonychia Congenita

Genetic disorder causing thick, curved nails with painful keratoderma (skin thickening).

Extra bone in the arch of the foot that can cause pain and irritation.

Infection around the nail, causing swelling, redness, and pus accumulation.

Bone thickening due to repetitive stress or injury.

When the peroneal tendons slip out of place behind the ankle bone, causing pain and instability.

A rare joint disease causing excess tissue growth and pain.

Excessively curved nails pressing into the skin, causing pain.

Chronic degeneration of the plantar fascia, causing heel pain and stiffness, commonly known as plantar fasciitis.

Bruising of the heel’s fat pad due to impact or excessive pressure.

Thickening of the plantar fascia tissue in the arch, forming painful lumps.

Weakness in foot muscles affecting push-off strength while walking.

Bleeding under the skin of the sole due to trauma, causing dark discoloration and pain.

Thickening of the skin on the soles due to genetic or acquired conditions.

A thickened nerve in the ball of the foot causing pain and numbness.

Tearing of the ligament under the toes, leading to pain and instability, often affecting the second toe.

Viral skin growths on the soles of the feet, often painful due to pressure.

A bony growth on the back of the heel, often causing pain with movement.

Pain at the back of the ankle due to soft tissue compression.

Weakening of the tendon supporting the arch, leading to flatfoot and pain.

Skin breakdown due to prolonged pressure, often affecting bedridden or diabetic patients.

Muscle and bone weakness after extended periods without walking.

An autoimmune skin condition causing red, scaly patches and cracking skin.

Deep injuries caused by stepping on sharp objects, requiring careful treatment to prevent infection.

R

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

A condition causing episodes of reduced blood flow to the toes, leading to color changes, numbness, and pain.

Joint inflammation triggered by infection, leading to pain and swelling.

Chronic pain, swelling, and skin changes due to abnormal nerve responses following injury.

Inflammation of the bursa behind the heel, causing swelling and pain.

A bony growth at the back of the heel causing pain and stiffness.

A chronic inflammatory disorder leading to joint destruction and deformity.

S

Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge Syndrome

Genetic disorder with thickened nails, cysts, and sweating abnormalities.

Fracture of the small bones under the big toe joint, causing pain and difficulty bearing weight.

Toe deformity causing pain and difficulty in walking.

Pain along the shinbone due to stress on the muscles and bones from running or high-impact activities.

Inflammation in the tunnel between the ankle bones, causing chronic ankle pain.

Painful cracks in the foot’s skin, often caused by dryness, pressure, or fungal infections.

Open sores on the foot caused by poor circulation, diabetes, or prolonged pressure.

Benign or malignant growths in the foot’s muscles, tendons, or fat tissue.

Widening of the forefoot due to ligament weakening, leading to pain and instability.

Thin, reddish-brown streaks under the nail, seen in endocarditis or vasculitis.

Partial or complete tears in the peroneal tendons, leading to instability and lateral foot pain.

Small cracks in bones due to repetitive stress, common in athletes and active individuals.

A severe form of flatfoot where the arch remains collapsed even when not weight-bearing.

Small, firm lumps under the skin often linked to inflammatory conditions.

Partial dislocation of foot joints, leading to pain and misalignment.

Unstable movement in the subtalar joint, affecting balance and foot function.

Inflammation in the subtalar joint, causing pain and limited movement.

Bony growth under the toenail, leading to pain and deformity.

Blood trapped under the nail from an injury, causing dark discoloration and pain.

A rare form of skin cancer under the nail, often mistaken for fungal infections.

A congenital condition where two or more toes are fused together.

T

Talar Dome Lesions

Damage to the cartilage and bone of the talus, leading to ankle pain.

A foot deformity where the foot bends upward due to an imbalance in muscle strength.

Limited upward movement of the foot, leading to difficulty walking and frequent toe-walking.

A condition where the foot turns outward, leading to imbalance and walking difficulties.

An inward-turning foot deformity, often present from birth or due to neurological conditions.

An abnormal connection between foot bones that restricts movement and causes pain.

An abnormal connection between two tarsal bones, restricting foot movement.

Severe trauma to the tarsal bones, leading to fractures and soft tissue damage.

Compression of the tibial nerve in the ankle, leading to burning pain, numbness, and tingling in the foot.

Cuts or tears in the foot tendons, often requiring surgical repair.

Inflammation of foot tendons due to overuse, leading to pain and stiffness.

Nails appear mostly white with a narrow pink band at the tip, associated with liver disease.

Shin pain caused by repetitive stress, common in runners.

Inflammation of the tibialis anterior tendon, causing pain and swelling on the front of the ankle and shin.

Overuse injury of the tibialis posterior tendon, leading to inner ankle pain and arch collapse.

Breaks in the toes or forefoot bones due to trauma or overuse.

A break in any of the toe bones, often caused by direct impact or crushing injuries.

Stiffness and immobility in toe joints due to arthritis or trauma.

Severe gout with uric acid crystal deposits forming lumps in the foot and ankle joints.

Rough, brittle nails with ridges, often linked to lichen planus or alopecia areata.

Complete or partial loss of one or more toes due to severe injury.

Progressive nail thinning, ridging, and loss in all 20 nails, linked to lichen planus.

V

Varicose Veins

Enlarged, twisted veins in the legs and feet due to valve dysfunction, causing pain, swelling, and skin changes.

Inflammation of blood vessels in the feet, leading to pain, redness, and possible tissue damage.

Skin inflammation due to chronic venous insufficiency, leading to swelling, redness, and ulceration.

Slow-healing leg and foot ulcers caused by poor blood circulation in veins.

Common warts caused by the HPV virus, appearing on the foot or toes.

W

Walking-Induced Metatarsalgia

Forefoot pain triggered by prolonged walking or standing.

Viral growths on the bottom of the foot, often painful due to walking pressure.

Ankle fractures classified based on fibula involvement and severity.

X

Xerosis (Dry Skin)

Severely dry, flaky, and sometimes cracked skin on the feet due to lack of moisture.

Y

Yellow Nail Syndrome

Slow-growing, thick, yellow nails, often linked to lung disease or lymphedema.

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Foot & Ankle Conditions